by

I [baɪ]

preposizione

1) (showing agent, result) da

he was bitten by a snake — è stato morso da un serpente

designed by an architect — disegnato da un architetto

destroyed by fire — distrutto dal fuoco

2) (through the means of) in, per, con

to travel by train — viaggiare in treno

by bicycle — in bicicletta

to pay by cheque — pagare con assegno

by phone — per o tramite telefono

to begin by saying that — cominciare dicendo o col dire che

by candlelight — a lume di candela

I know her by sight — la conosco di vista

I took him by the hand — l'ho preso per mano

he has two children by his first wife — ha due figli dalla prima moglie

3) (according to, from evidence of) secondo, a

by my watch it is three o'clock — al mio orologio sono le tre

I knew him by his walk — l'ho riconosciuto dalla sua andatura

it's all right by me — per me va bene

4) (via, passing through) attraverso, per, tramite, da

to enter by the back door — entrare dalla porta di servizio

we travelled to Rome by Venice and Florence — siamo andati a Roma via Venezia e Firenze

5) (near, beside) presso, vicino a, accanto a

by the bed — accanto al letto

by the sea — in riva al mare

6) (past)

to go o pass by sb. passare davanti o accanto a qcn.; they passed us by in their car ci sono passati davanti in macchina; let us get by — lasciateci passare

7) (showing authorship) di

a film by Kubrik — un film di Kubrik

who is it by? — di chi è?

8) (before, not later than) per, entro

by four o'clock — entro o per le quattro

by this time next week — la prossima settimana a quest'ora, di qui a una settimana

by the time she had got downstairs he was gone — quando scese era già uscito

he ought to be here by now — ormai o a quest'ora dovrebbe essere qui

but by then it was too late — ma ormai era troppo tardi

9) (during)

by day as well as by night — sia di giorno che di notte

by daylight — di giorno, alla luce del giorno

by moonlight — al chiaro di luna

10) (according to)

forbidden by law — proibito per legge

to play by the rules — giocare secondo le regole

11) (to the extent or degree of) di

prices have risen by 20% — i prezzi sono aumentati del 20%

by far — di gran lunga

it's better by far — è di gran lunga migliore

12) (in measurements) per

a room 20 metres by 10 metres — una stanza di 20 metri per 10

13) mat. (in multiplication, division) per

10 multiplied by 5 is 50 — 10 moltiplicato per 5 fa 50

14) (showing rate, quantity) a

to be paid by the hour — essere pagato a ore

by the dozen — a dozzine

15) (in successive degrees, units)

little by little — poco a poco

day by day — giorno per o dopo giorno, di giorno in giorno

one by one — uno a uno, uno alla volta

16) (with regard to) di

he is an architect by profession o trade di professione fa l'architetto; by birth — di nascita

17) (as a result of) per

by mistake — per errore

by chance — per caso, casualmente

18) (with reflexive pronouns)

he did it all by himself — l'ha fatto tutto da solo

19) mar. (in compass directions)

south by south-west — sud-sud-ovest

II [baɪ]

avverbio

1) (past)

to go by — passare

the people walking by — la gente che passa, i passanti

he walked on by without stopping — passò senza fermarsi

a lot of time has gone by since then — molto tempo è passato da allora

as time goes by — col (passare del) tempo

2) (near) vicino, accanto

he lives close by — abita vicino

3) (aside)

to put money by — mettere da parte i soldi

4) (to one's house)

come by for a drink — passa a bere qualcosa

••

by and by — (in past) di lì a poco; (in future) presto, fra breve, tra poco

by the by by the bye incidentalmente, a proposito; but that's by the by — ma questo c'entra poco

* * *

1. preposition

1) (next to; near; at the side of: by the door; He sat by his sister.) presso

2) (past: going by the house.) davanti

3) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) per, attraverso

4) (used (in the passive voice) to show the person or thing which performs an action: struck by a stone.) da

5) (using: He's going to contact us by letter; We travelled by train.) per, in

6) (from; through the means of: I met her by chance; by post.) per

7) ((of time) not later than: by 6 o'clock.) per, entro

8) (during the time of.) di

9) (to the extent of: taller by ten centimetres.) di

10) (used to give measurements etc: 4 metres by 2 metres.) per

11) (in quantities of: fruit sold by the kilo.) a, al

12) (in respect of: a teacher by profession.) di

2. adverb

1) (near: They stood by and watched.) vicino

2) (past: A dog ran by.) di qui

3) (aside; away: money put by for an emergency.) da parte, via

•

- bygones: let bygones be bygones

- bypass 3. verb

(to avoid (a place) by taking such a road.) fare una deviazione

- by-product

- bystander
- by and by
- by and large
- by oneself
- by the way

* * *

I [baɪ]

preposizione

1) (showing agent, result) da

he was bitten by a snake — è stato morso da un serpente

designed by an architect — disegnato da un architetto

destroyed by fire — distrutto dal fuoco

2) (through the means of) in, per, con

to travel by train — viaggiare in treno

by bicycle — in bicicletta

to pay by cheque — pagare con assegno

by phone — per o tramite telefono

to begin by saying that — cominciare dicendo o col dire che

by candlelight — a lume di candela

I know her by sight — la conosco di vista

I took him by the hand — l'ho preso per mano

he has two children by his first wife — ha due figli dalla prima moglie

3) (according to, from evidence of) secondo, a

by my watch it is three o'clock — al mio orologio sono le tre

I knew him by his walk — l'ho riconosciuto dalla sua andatura

it's all right by me — per me va bene

4) (via, passing through) attraverso, per, tramite, da

to enter by the back door — entrare dalla porta di servizio

we travelled to Rome by Venice and Florence — siamo andati a Roma via Venezia e Firenze

5) (near, beside) presso, vicino a, accanto a

by the bed — accanto al letto

by the sea — in riva al mare

6) (past)

to go o pass by sb. passare davanti o accanto a qcn.; they passed us by in their car ci sono passati davanti in macchina; let us get by — lasciateci passare

7) (showing authorship) di

a film by Kubrik — un film di Kubrik

who is it by? — di chi è?

8) (before, not later than) per, entro

by four o'clock — entro o per le quattro

by this time next week — la prossima settimana a quest'ora, di qui a una settimana

by the time she had got downstairs he was gone — quando scese era già uscito

he ought to be here by now — ormai o a quest'ora dovrebbe essere qui

but by then it was too late — ma ormai era troppo tardi

9) (during)

by day as well as by night — sia di giorno che di notte

by daylight — di giorno, alla luce del giorno

by moonlight — al chiaro di luna

10) (according to)

forbidden by law — proibito per legge

to play by the rules — giocare secondo le regole

11) (to the extent or degree of) di

prices have risen by 20% — i prezzi sono aumentati del 20%

by far — di gran lunga

it's better by far — è di gran lunga migliore

12) (in measurements) per

a room 20 metres by 10 metres — una stanza di 20 metri per 10

13) mat. (in multiplication, division) per

10 multiplied by 5 is 50 — 10 moltiplicato per 5 fa 50

14) (showing rate, quantity) a

to be paid by the hour — essere pagato a ore

by the dozen — a dozzine

15) (in successive degrees, units)

little by little — poco a poco

day by day — giorno per o dopo giorno, di giorno in giorno

one by one — uno a uno, uno alla volta

16) (with regard to) di

he is an architect by profession o trade di professione fa l'architetto; by birth — di nascita

17) (as a result of) per

by mistake — per errore

by chance — per caso, casualmente

18) (with reflexive pronouns)

he did it all by himself — l'ha fatto tutto da solo

19) mar. (in compass directions)

south by south-west — sud-sud-ovest

II [baɪ]

avverbio

1) (past)

to go by — passare

the people walking by — la gente che passa, i passanti

he walked on by without stopping — passò senza fermarsi

a lot of time has gone by since then — molto tempo è passato da allora

as time goes by — col (passare del) tempo

2) (near) vicino, accanto

he lives close by — abita vicino

3) (aside)

to put money by — mettere da parte i soldi

4) (to one's house)

come by for a drink — passa a bere qualcosa

••

by and by — (in past) di lì a poco; (in future) presto, fra breve, tra poco

by the by by the bye incidentalmente, a proposito; but that's by the by — ma questo c'entra poco